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*24510$aDistinction :$ba social critique of the judgement of taste /$cby Pierre Bourdieu ; translated by Richard Nice
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^

No judgment of taste is innocent. In a word, we are all snobs. Pierre Bourdieu brilliantly illuminates this situation of the middle class in the modern world. France's leading sociologist focuses here on the French bourgeoisie, its tastes and preferences. Distinction is at once a vast ethnography of contemporary France and a dissection of the bourgeois mind.

In the course of everyday life people constantly choose between what they find aesthetically pleasing and what they consider tacky, merely trendy, or ugly. Bourdieu bases his study on surveys that took into account the multitude of social factors that play a part in a French person's choice of clothing, furniture, leisure activities, dinner menus for guests, and many other matters of taste. What emerges from his analysis is that social snobbery is everywhere in the bourgeois world. The different aesthetic choices people make are all distinctions--that is, choices made in opposition to those made by other classes. Taste is not pure. Bourdieu finds a world of social meaning in the decision to order bouillabaisse, in our contemporary cult of thinness, in the "California sports" such as jogging and cross-country skiing. The social world, he argues, functions simultaneously as a system of power relations and as a symbolic system in which minute distinctions of taste become the basis for social judgment.

The topic of Bourdieu's book is a fascinating one: the strategies of social pretension are always curiously engaging. But the book is more than fascinating. It is a major contribution to current debates on the theory of culture and a challenge to the major theoretical schools in contemporary sociology.

• Preface to the English-Language Editionp. xi
• Introductionp. 1
• A Social Critique of the Judgement of Tastep. 9
• The Aristocracy of Culturep. 11
• The Titles of Cultural Nobilityp. 18
• Cultural Pedigreep. 63
• The Economy of Practicesp. 97
• The Social Space and Its Transformationsp. 99
• Class Condition and Social Conditioningp. 101
• A Three-Dimensional Spacep. 114
• Reconversion Strategiesp. 125
• The Habitus and the Space of Life-Stylesp. 169
• The Homology between the Spacesp. 175
• The Universes of Stylistic Possiblesp. 208
• The Dynamics of the Fieldsp. 226
• The Correspondence between Goods Production and Taste Productionp. 230
• Symbolic Strugglesp. 244
• Class Tastes and Life-Stylesp. 257
• The Sense of Distinctionp. 260
• The Modes of Appropriation of the Work of Artp. 267
• The Variants of the Dominant Tastep. 283
• The Mark of Timep. 295
• Temporal and Spiritual Powersp. 315
• Cultural Goodwillp. 318
• Knowledge and Recognitionp. 319
• Education and the Autodidactp. 328
• Slope and Thrustp. 331
• The Variants of Petit-Bourgeois Tastep. 339
• The Declining Petite Bourgeoisiep. 346
• The Executant Petite Bourgeoisiep. 351
• The New Petite Bourgeoisiep. 354
• From Duty to the Fun Ethicp. 365
• The Choice of the Necessaryp. 372
• The Taste for Necessity and the Principle of Conformityp. 374
• The Effects of Dominationp. 386
• Culture and Politicsp. 397
• Selective Democracyp. 399
• Status and Competencep. 405
• The Right to Speakp. 411
• Personal Opinionp. 414
• The Modes of Production of Opinionp. 417
• Dispossession and Misappropriationp. 426
• Moral Order and Political Orderp. 432
• Class Habitus and Political Opinionsp. 437
• Supply and Demandp. 440
• The Political Spacep. 451
• The Specific Effect of Trajectoryp. 453
• Political Languagep. 459
• Conclusion: Classes and Classificationsp. 466
• Embodied Social Structuresp. 467
• Knowledge without Conceptsp. 470
• Advantageous Attributionsp. 475
• The Classification Strugglep. 479
• The Reality of Representation and the Representation of Realityp. 482
• Postscript: Towards a 'Vulgar' Critique of 'Pure' Critiquesp. 485
• Disgust at the 'Facile'p. 486
• The 'Taste of Reflection' and the 'Taste of Sense'p. 488
• A Denied Social Relationshipp. 491
• Parerga and Paralipomenap. 494
• The Pleasure of the Textp. 498
• Appendicesp. 503
• Some Reflections on the Methodp. 503
• Complementary Sourcesp. 519
• Statistical Datap. 525
• Associations: A Parlour Gamep. 546
• Notesp. 561
• Creditsp. 605
• Indexp. 607
• Tables
• Class preferences for singers and musicp. 15
• Aesthetic disposition, by education capitalp. 36
• Aesthetic disposition, by class and educationp. 37
• Knowledge of composers and musical works, by education and class of originp. 64
• Furniture purchases in the dominant class, by education and social originp. 78
• Some indicators of economic capital in different fractions of the dominant class, 1966p. 117
• Some indicators of cultural practice in different fractions of the dominant class, 1966p. 118
• Types of books preferred by different fractions of the dominant class, 1966p. 119
• Social origin of members of the dominant class, by class fraction, 1970p. 121
• Rate of employment of women aged 25-34, by education, 1962 and 1968p. 134
• Changes in morphology and asset structure of the class fractions, 1954-1975p. 136
• Changes in morphology and asset structure of the class fractions, 1954-1968p. 138
• Morphological changes within the dominant class, 1954-1975p. 140
• Morphological changes within the middle class, 1954-1975p. 140
• Changes in class morphology and use of educational system, 1954-1968p. 158
• Annual household expenditures on food: skilled manual workers, foremen and clerical workers, 1972p. 181
• Yearly spending by teachers, professionals and industrial and commercial employers, 1972p. 184